Essay/Term paper: Hannibal

Essay, term paper, research paper:  College Papers

Twenty-two centuries ago there lived a man named Hannibal, the son of

Hamilcar Barca a Carthaginian. Hamilcar was a general in the Carthaginian

military in the first Punic War. After the defeat of Carthage in the first

Punic War, Hamilcar made Hannibal swear "eternal enmity" to Rome.

In 228 b.c. Hasdrubal, Hannibal`s brother-in-law, succeeded Hamilcar and

became commander. This meant that not only was the leader of the military

but also the political leader as well. In 221 b.c. Hasdrubal was assassinated

and Hannibal became commander in Spain. Hannibal was only 25 years old

when he was put in command of the Carthaginian armies and the Carthaginian

government in Spain. Even at a young age he knew his responsibilities,

so he kept his father's plan of military conquest and his brother-in-law`s

policy of strengthening Carthaginian power by democracy. He married a Spanish

princess and took hostages from the surrounding tribes to ensure their

loyalty to him. As a result of this he expanded the Carthaginian power

toward the Ebro river, which was the written northern boundary of Carthage

by the Rome treaty of 226. Rome attacked Saguntum, a city close to but

clearly on the Carthaginian side of the border. This provoked Hannibal

to take back Saguntum. The romans considered this an act of war. So in

218 b.c. Rome declared war on Carthage. This begins the second Punic War.

After hearing the declaration of war Hannibal immediately starts off towards

Rome. The problem was he had to go by land because Rome controlled the

seas. Hannibal takes an army of thirty-five to forty thousand men, some

on foot and others on horse, along with fifty war elephants across the

Pyrenees and the Alps in August of 218. Bad luck falls into Hannibal's

lap as early snows and landslides kill many of his men and almost all of

his war elephants. While traveling through the Alps he fights battles at

Arausio and Genua, easily defeating the Roman warriors, although his troops

are in horrible shape. He enters Italy with only twenty-six thousand men

and five or six war elephants in September 218. Hannibal and his troops

spent the winter in Po Valley. In the spring of 217 b.c. Hannibal was joined

by the Gauls, northern Italians who were subdued into fighting the Romans.

Now Hannibal had a sufficient army of infantry and cavalry. The hardened

Carthaginian troops easily crushed the Roman armies in their way, but without

siege equipment the Carthaginians could not destroy the Roman cities. So

instead of trying to siege the city they simple killed the Roman soldiers

and moved on. Some times the Romans would retreat into their city surrounded

by high walls so that they would not die. In 217 Hannibal won a major battle

at Lake Trasimene. Hannibal`s army along with the Gauls would roam the

Italian countryside and destroy any opposing army. In 216 he defeated a

huge Roman army at the city of Cannae in southwestern Italy. At Cannae

the Romans loss was much greater than that of Hannibal suffered. The Romans

lost twenty-five thousand men and ten thousand were captured, on the other

hand Hannibal only lost five thousand and seven hundred men. Hannibal,

being a military genius, let the Romans advance at his main infantry, while

his cavalry charged around the sides easily defeating two other groups

of Roman infantry. Then after destroying the two side groups of Romans

the cavalry swept around the back of the main Roman attack force. Hannibal

used this strategy often because it worked so good. Even though he was

killing Roman soldiers he was not destroying any cities. Finally, to get

Hannibal out of Italy, the Romans sent armies led by Scipio, a great Roman

general, to attack carthage in Africa. Carthage ordered Hannibal to Africa

to protect the city of Carthage. This was the clash of the titans, Hannibal

vs. Scipio. They met at Zama, a city near Carthage. This would end up to

be the final battle of the Second Punic War, and the great Hannibal would

be the loser. Hannibal escaped but his army didn't. After the war Carthage

had to pay Rome a very large sum of money and agree to terms that they

could only wage war in Africa, even then they had to have Rome's permission.

Hannibal returned to Carthage and became one of the two chief magistrates

in 196. He then challenged the aristocrats of being corrupt, the aristocrats

told Rome that Hannibal was planning another attack on Rome with Antiochus

III of Syria. Rome, already very angered with Hannibal, deported Hannibal

out of Carthage. So he traveled to Syria and was made a member of the Syrian

court. He then remembered his father's words and advised Antiochus III

to declare war against Rome. Antiochus III did wage war on Rome, the Syrian

War, from 192 b.c. to 189 b.c. Syria was defeated and Hannibal left to

become a member of the Prussian court. He then persuaded Prussia to go

to war against Rome. Instead of directly attacking Rome, Prussia attacked

Rome's ally Pergamum. Rome came into the fight and demanded that Hannibal

be handed over to them. Instead of being humiliated Hannibal took his own

life in 182 b.c. Hannibal Barca, being eternal enemies with Rome, fulfilled

his father's words and while doing so became one the greatest generals

of all time.